Philosophy & Ethics — B2 English Vocabulary
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This B2 vocabulary list gathers 50 upper-intermediate English words about philosophy & ethics — truth, morality and the meaning of life. Every word comes with its British-English pronunciation and a natural example sentence, so you learn each one in real context. When you are ready, open the flashcards to practise and remember them for good.
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ethics/ˈeθ.ɪks/
“Medical ethics are complex.”
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morality/məˈræl.ɪ.ti/
“They debated questions of morality.”
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existence/ɪɡˈzɪs.təns/
“He questioned the meaning of existence.”
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reality/riˈæl.ɪ.ti/
“Dreams blur with reality.”
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truth/truːθ/
“Philosophers search for truth.”
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doctrine/ˈdɒk.trɪn/
“He rejected the old doctrine.”
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free will/ˌfriː ˈwɪl/
“Do humans have free will?”
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soul/səʊl/
“Some believe in an immortal soul.”
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metaphysics/ˌmet.əˈfɪz.ɪks/
“Metaphysics studies the nature of being.”
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philosophy/fɪˈlɒs.ə.fi/
“She studies ancient philosophy.”
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conviction/kənˈvɪk.ʃən/
“He spoke with deep conviction.”
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paradox/ˈpær.ə.dɒks/
“It is a fascinating paradox.”
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abstraction/æbˈstræk.ʃən/
“Justice is an abstraction.”
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absolute/ˈæb.sə.luːt/
“There is no absolute truth.”
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immoral/ɪˈmɒr.əl/
“Lying is immoral.”
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righteous/ˈraɪ.tʃəs/
“He felt righteous anger.”
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mortality/mɔːˈtæl.ɪ.ti/
“The poem reflects on mortality.”
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purpose/ˈpɜː.pəs/
“She searched for a sense of purpose.”
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deception/dɪˈsep.ʃən/
“The plot involves deception.”
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enlightenment/ɪnˈlaɪt.ən.mənt/
“He sought spiritual enlightenment.”
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scepticism/ˈskep.tɪ.sɪ.zəm/
“She viewed the claim with scepticism.”
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dogma/ˈdɒɡ.mə/
“He questioned religious dogma.”
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humanity/hjuːˈmæn.ɪ.ti/
“He has faith in humanity.”
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intellect/ˈɪn.tə.lekt/
“She has a sharp intellect.”
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ideal/aɪˈdɪəl/
“Freedom is a noble ideal.”
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fate/feɪt/
“He believes in fate.”
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destiny/ˈdes.tɪ.ni/
“She felt it was her destiny.”
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contemplate/ˈkɒn.təm.pleɪt/
“He likes to contemplate life.”
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introspection/ˌɪn.trəˈspek.ʃən/
“Solitude allows introspection.”
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faith/feɪθ/
“Her faith never wavered.”
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deduction/dɪˈdʌk.ʃən/
“He solved it by deduction.”
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speculation/ˌspek.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
“It is pure speculation.”
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humane/hjuːˈmeɪn/
“It is a humane policy.”
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illusion/ɪˈluː.ʒən/
“Happiness was just an illusion.”
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void/vɔɪd/
“He felt an empty void.”
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profound/prəˈfaʊnd/
“It is a profound idea.”
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atheism/ˈeɪ.θi.ɪ.zəm/
“He openly defends atheism.”
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sacred/ˈseɪ.krɪd/
“The text is sacred to them.”
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altruism/ˈæl.tru.ɪ.zəm/
“Pure altruism is rare.”
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paradoxical/ˌpær.əˈdɒk.sɪ.kəl/
“It seems paradoxical but it is true.”
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transcend/trænˈsend/
“Great art can transcend time.”
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spiritual/ˈspɪr.ɪ.tʃu.əl/
“She had a spiritual experience.”
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intuitive/ɪnˈtjuː.ɪ.tɪv/
“He has an intuitive grasp of it.”
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conscientious/ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs/
“She is a conscientious worker.”
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contradiction/ˌkɒn.trəˈdɪk.ʃən/
“His story contains a clear contradiction.”
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metaphysical/ˌmet.əˈfɪz.ɪ.kəl/
“It is a metaphysical question.”
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reflective/rɪˈflek.tɪv/
“He is in a reflective mood.”
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fundamental/ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.təl/
“It is a fundamental truth.”
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mortal/ˈmɔː.təl/
“All humans are mortal.”
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philosopher/fɪˈlɒs.ə.fə/
“The philosopher wrote many books.”